Elementary bosons Standard Model of particle physicsĪll observed elementary particles are either bosons (with integer spin) or fermions (with odd half-integer spin). The name boson was coined by Paul Dirac to commemorate the contribution of Satyendra Nath Bose, an Indian physicist and professor of physics at the University of Calcutta and at the University of Dhaka, who developed, in conjunction with Albert Einstein, the theory characterising such particles, now known as Bose–Einstein statistics. Similarly, superconductivity arises because some quasiparticles, such as Cooper pairs, behave in the same way. Outside the realm of particle physics, multiple identical composite bosons (in this context sometimes known as ' bose particles') behave at high densities or low temperatures in a characteristic manner described by Bose–Einstein statistics: for example a gas of helium-4 atoms becomes a superfluid at temperatures close to absolute zero. Other bosons, such as mesons, are composite particles made up of smaller constituents. gluons) act as force carriers, which give rise to forces between other particles, while one (the Higgs boson) gives rise to the phenomenon of mass. Some bosons are elementary particles occupying a special role in particle physics, distinct from the role of fermions (which are sometimes described as the constituents of 'ordinary matter'). Every observed subatomic particle is either a boson or a fermion. Bosons form one of the two fundamental classes of subatomic particle, the other being fermions, which have odd half-integer spin ( 1⁄ 2, 3⁄ 2, 5⁄ 2.

In particle physics, a boson ( / ˈ b oʊ z ɒ n/ / ˈ b oʊ s ɒ n/ ) is a subatomic particle whose spin quantum number has an integer value (0, 1, 2. A composite particle ( hadron) may fall into either class depending on its composition All subatomic particles must be one or the other. Bosons form one of the two fundamental classes of subatomic particle, the other being fermions.

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